Devanagari
यमदूता ऊचु:
वेदप्रणिहितो धर्मो ह्यधर्मस्तद्विपर्यय: ।
वेदो नारायण: साक्षात्स्वयम्भूरिति शुश्रुम ॥ ४० ॥
Verse text
yamadūtā ūcuḥ
veda-praṇihito dharmo
hy adharmas tad-viparyayaḥ
vedo nārāyaṇaḥ sākṣāt
svayambhūr iti śuśruma
Synonyms
yamadūtāḥ ūcuḥ
—
the order carriers of Yamarāja said
;
veda
—
by the four Vedas ( Sāma, Yajur, Ṛg and Atharva )
;
praṇihitaḥ
—
prescribed
;
dharmaḥ
—
religious principles
;
hi
—
indeed
;
adharmaḥ
—
irreligious principles
;
tat
—
viparyayaḥ — the opposite of that (that which is not supported by Vedic injunctions)
;
vedaḥ
—
the Vedas, books of knowledge
;
nārāyaṇaḥ sākṣāt
—
directly the Supreme Personality of Godhead (being the words of Nārāyaṇa)
;
svayam
—
bhūḥ — self-born, self-sufficient (appearing only from the breath of Nārāyaṇa and not being learned from anyone else)
;
iti
—
thus
;
śuśruma
—
we have heard .
Translation
The Yamadūtas replied: That which is prescribed in the Vedas constitutes dharma, the religious principles, and the opposite of that is irreligion. The Vedas are directly the Supreme Personality of Godhead, Nārāyaṇa, and are self-born. This we have heard from Yamarāja.
Translation (Visvanatha Cakravarti Thakura)
The Yamadūtas replied: Acts which are prescribed in the Vedas constitute dharma, and acts which are not prescribed by the Vedas are adharma. The Vedas are directly Nārāyaṇa and are born from him. This we have heard from Yamarāja.
Dharma is what is prescribed in the Vedas. What is in the Vedas is the nature of dharma (tattva) and the rules of the Vedas are the measurement of dharma. Because the servants of Viṣṇu asked about adharma, the servants of Yama describe the nature and measurement of adharma. This also covers the question about the reasons for punishment. What is forbidden in the Vedas is adharma. Doing what is forbidden in the Vedas is the measure of adharma. The Vedas are manifested from the Lord (svayambhūḥ): they arise from the breathing of Viṣṇu on their own. Śruti says asya mahato bhūtasya niśvasitam etad yad ṛgvedaḥ: the breathing of the Lord is the Ṛg-veda. (Bṛhad-ārāṇyaka Upaniṣad)
Purport
The servants of Yamarāja replied quite properly. They did not manufacture principles of religion or irreligion. Instead, they explained what they had heard from the authority Yamarāja.
Mahājano yena gataḥ sa panthāḥ:
one should follow the
mahājana,
the authorized person. Yamarāja is one of twelve authorities. Therefore the servants of Yamarāja, the Yamadūtas, replied with perfect clarity when they said
śuśruma
(“we have heard”). The members of modern civilization manufacture defective religious principles through speculative concoction. This is not
dharma.
They do not know what is
dharma
and what is
adharma.
Therefore, as stated in the beginning of
Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam, dharmaḥ projjhita-kaitavo ’tra:
dharma
not supported by the
Vedas
is rejected from
śrīmad-bhāgavata-dharma.
Bhāgavata-dharma
comprises only that which is given by the Supreme Personality of Godhead.
Bhāgavata-dharma
is
sarva-dharmān parityajya mām ekaṁ śaraṇaṁ vraja:
one must accept the authority of the Supreme Personality of Godhead and surrender to Him and whatever He says. That is
dharma.
Arjuna, for example, thinking that violence was
adharma,
was declining to fight, but Kṛṣṇa urged him to fight. Arjuna abided by the orders of Kṛṣṇa, and therefore he is actually a
dharmī
because the order of Kṛṣṇa is
dharma.
Kṛṣṇa says in
Bhagavad-gītā
(15.15)
,
vedaiś ca sarvair aham eva vedyaḥ:
“The real purpose of
veda,
knowledge, is to know Me.” One who knows Kṛṣṇa perfectly is liberated. As Kṛṣṇa says in
Bhagavad-gītā
(4.9)
:
janma karma ca me divyam
evaṁ yo vetti tattvataḥ
tyaktvā dehaṁ punar janma
naiti mām eti so ’rjuna
“One who knows the transcendental nature of My appearance and activities does not, upon leaving the body, take his birth again in this material world, but attains My eternal abode, O Arjuna.” One who understands Kṛṣṇa and abides by His order is a candidate for returning home, back to Godhead. It may be concluded that
dharma,
religion, refers to that which is ordered in the
Vedas,
and
adharma,
irreligion, refers to that which is not supported in the
Vedas.
Dharma is not actually manufactured by Nārāyaṇa. As stated in the
Vedas, asya mahato bhūtasya niśvasitam etad yad ṛg-vedaḥ iti:
the injunctions of
dharma
emanate from the breathing of Nārāyaṇa, the supreme living entity. Nārāyaṇa exists eternally and breathes eternally, and therefore
dharma,
the injunctions of Nārāyaṇa, also exist eternally. Śrīla Madhvācārya, the original
ācārya
for those who belong to the Mādhva-Gauḍīya
sampradāya,
says:
vedānāṁ prathamo vaktā
harir eva yato vibhuḥ
ato viṣṇv-ātmakā vedā
ity āhur veda-vādinaḥ
The transcendental words of the
Vedas
emanated from the mouth of the Supreme Personality of Godhead. Therefore the Vedic principles should be understood to be Vaiṣṇava principles because Viṣṇu is the origin of the
Vedas.
The
Vedas
contain nothing besides the instructions of Viṣṇu, and one who follows the Vedic principles is a Vaiṣṇava. The Vaiṣṇava is not a member of a manufactured community of this material world. A Vaiṣṇava is a real knower of the
Vedas,
as confirmed in
Bhagavad-gītā
(
vedaiś ca sarvair aham eva vedyaḥ
).